How to extract JPG data from PDF

It is actually possible to extract some raw images from the PDF file. In general, images do not exist inside a PDF file – TIFFs and PNGs are ripped apart and the data stored in separate objects. The data is compressed using various compression formats (JBIG2, CCITT, FLATE, LZW). However, one of the formats used for image data is the DCT format. This is actually a JPEG, and if you take the binary data out and save it in a file with a .jpeg format, you can open it. It includes not just the pixel data but also the JPEG header at the start – it is a complete file.

How is the JPEG data stored?

If you open a PDF file, the stored JPEG data will appear in the XObject image. Here is an example.

14 0 obj
<<
/Intent/RelativeColorimetric
/Type/XObject
/ColorSpace/DeviceGray
/Subtype/Image
/Name/X
/Width 2988
/BitsPerComponent 8
/Length 134030
/Height 2286
/Filter/DCTDecode
>>
stream (binary data) endstream

The /Type shows that this is an image. The key section is the /Filter value – DCTDecode indicates a JPEG (JPX shows a JPEG2000) which also works. The data is between stream and endstream. You need to extract the raw data (cut and paste of text is unlikely to work) for the jpeg file. The /Length value shows how long it is.

Lastly, the /Colorspace is important because it shows the colour-coding used in the JPEG. If it is DeviceRGB, it will look exactly as it is in the PDF display. Not many viewers understand types like DeviceCMYK – you may need a heavyweight package like Photoshop to see it correctly.

If the image is clipped, you may find you can see background details not in the PDF display and the image may also be a different size or even upside down. But you have extracted the raw image data!

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(dicomImageFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(heicImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "heic", outputStreamOrFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(jpegImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "jpeg", outputStreamOrFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(jpeg2000ImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "jpx", outputStreamOrFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "pdf", outputStreamOrFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(pngImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "png", outputStreamOrFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(tiffImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "tiff", outputStreamOrFile);

// Read an image
BufferedImage bufferedImage = JDeli.read(webpImageFile);

// Write an image
JDeli.write(bufferedImage, "webp", outputStreamOrFile);